Language & literature
Kashmiri is a low-resource language in the technical sense: the corpora, benchmarks, and baselines that language technology is built from largely do not exist for it. Its written tradition spans four scripts across seven centuries; its dominant orthography marks vowels its neighbors do not, which is where systems trained on Urdu and Persian fail; and its printed record sits in encodings no search engine can index. We build the missing foundation: normalization standards, governed corpora, document intelligence for Nastaliq, and speech systems that hear the language while its deepest registers are still spoken.